Türk Halklarında Kurt Ağzı Bağlama İnancı

Haziran 18th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Uygarlıklar Tarihi, İnançlar Tarihi | »

“Kurt ağzı bağlama” inancı, Türk dünyasında ortak bir dinî uygulamadır. Makalede Anadolu, Uluğ Türkistan, Ortadoğu, Önasya, Kafkasya ve Balkanlar Türk dünyasında Bozkır medeniyetinin uzantısı olabileceği düşünülen bu inançla ilgili derlenen malzemeler incelenmektedir. Yapılan inceleme sonucu, bu inancın sadece Türk mitolojisinin bir ürünü değil, aynı zamanda Türk halk inançlarında da sıklıkla rastlanan bir motif olduğu görülmektedir.

kurt.JPG

Kurt Ağzı bağlama inancı Anadolu’nun hemen hemen bütün yörelerinde yaygındır. Bu inanç Bozkır medeniyetinin bir uzantısı olabilir. Anadolu halk kültürü ile ilgili monografi çalışmalarında muhakkak kurt ağzı bağlama inanç ve uygulamasına dair bilgi vardır. Biz inceleme imkanı bulduğumuz, Uluğ Türkistan, Ortadoğu, Önasya, Kafkasya ve Balkanlar Türk Dünyası’nda bu konuya dair bilgiler derledik. Evvelce kurt içerikli tespitlerimizi iki ayrı incelememizde ele almış bu arada kurt ağzı bağlama ile ilgili tespitlerimizi de yazılarımıza almıştık. Bu defa yeni bulduğumuz malzemelerle genelde kurt ile ilgili incelememizi derinleştirirken özelde kurt ağzı bağlama inancı üzerinde duracağız. Bu kararımıza kurt ağzı bağlama dinî pratiği itibariyle karşımıza her defasında farklı uygulamaların çıkmış olması ve bu malzemenin tahminlerin üzerinde inanç yüklü oluşu yol açmıştır.

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Antik Roma’da Gladyatör Oyunları

Haziran 2nd, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Makaleler, Seçtiklerimiz, Uygarlıklar Tarihi | »

Antik geleneğe göre gladyatörler, yasal olarak ölümü hak etmiş görülen, hayatta kalma şansı tamamen arenadaki dövüş becerisine bağlı, dövüş zamanlarının dışında kendileri için hazırlanmış olan, oldukça sıkı ve bir o kadar da kötü koşullardaki hücrelerinde yaşamak zorunda bırakılan kimselerdi. Roma dünyasının erken dönem gladyatörleri, yasal olarak ad ludos, yani kılıçtan geçirilme cezasına çarptırılmış ve bu nedenle hayatı uğruna belli sayıda dövüşü halka açık bir meydanda veya arenada yapmak zorunda olan kişilerdi. Esas itibarıyla verilen cezanın en ağır biçimde ifası olarak görülmesi gereken gladyatörlük müessesesi, giderek bu amacından sapmış ve bu işi bir tür meslek haline getiren profesyonel kimselerin eline geçmiştir. Başlangıçta sadece ağır suçlular, savaş esirleri ve asi kölelerden oluşan bu gruba, sonraları özgür vatandaşlar, soylular, atlı sınıfından kimseler ve hatta Senatus mensuplarının da katılmış olduğu görülmektedir.

Gladyatörler

Bir yanda faklı silahlarla birbirlerine karşı ölüm kalım mücadelesi veren gladyatörler, diğer yanda vahşi kaplanlara karşı kendini savunmaya çalışan vahşi hayvan dövüşçüleri görünmektedir.

Didaktik tarzda kaleme aldığımız bu makale, antik dünyanın en fazla nefret uyandıran fakat seyir ve eğlence açısından en çok aranan oyununa ve oyuncularına ilişkin temel bilgiler vermeyi amaçlamakla birlikte, yer yer oyunların politik önemine ilişkin ayrıntıları da sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu özelliğiyle yazımız, gladyatörlük müessesesinin ortaya çıkışı, Roma toplumunda sevilen bir oyun haline gelişi ve ardından Hıristiyanlığın toplum üzerindeki kontrolünün yaygınlaşması ve organizasyon maliyetlerinin yükselmesine bağlı olarak, düzenlenmesi her geçen gün biraz daha zorlaşan ve nihayet, M.s. 6. yüzyıldan itibarentamamen ortadan kalkan oyunlar tarihine ilişkin, genel bir bakış sunmaktadır.

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27 Mayıs Darbesinin Genel Bir Değerlendirmesi

Mayıs 27th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

Demokrat Parti dönemi siyasi olayları ve 27 Mayıs darbesi, Cumhuriyet Dönemi yakın tarihimizin en önemli olaylarından biri olduğu kadar ayrıca her iki konu da Cumhuriyet tarihimizin bir ilkini oluşturması açısından son derece mühim bir yere sahiptir. Zira Demokrat Parti 1923 -1950 arası süren 27 yıllık CHP iktidarına bir son vermiş, halk kendi oyları ile seçtikleri iktidar tarafından idare olunmuştur. Bu süre 10 yıl ya da 3 dönem sürmüştür. 27 Mayıs 1960 darbesi ise Cumhuriyet tarihimizin ilk darbesidir ama maalesef son darbesi olmamıştır.

DP iktidarı 27 yıl süren tek parti döneminin devletçi politikalarını terk edip demokratikleşme ve liberalleşme yolunda bir siyaset izlemiştir. İktidar olduğu ilk yıl ABD ve Özgür Batı saflarında Komünist Kuzey Kore ve Çin’e karşı savaşmak için Tuğgeneral Tahsin Yazıcı komutasında 5090 askerden oluşan bir tugay gönderilmiş ve bu olaydan sonra Batı’yla yakınlaşma çabaları hız kazanmıştır. Nihayet 1952 ‘de Nato üyesi olan Türkiye, Batı’dan aldığı kredilerle önemli atılımlar gerçekleştirmiş, köyde ve kentte hızlı bir kalkınma gerçekleştirmiştir. 1950‘de 4–5 bin olan traktör sayısını 5 yıl içerisinde yaklaşık 10 kat artırarak 45 bine çıkarmıştır. Köylünün desteklenmesi sayesinde tarım ürünlerinde ve ekili alanda önemli artışlar olmuştur.

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Darbe Geliyorum Demez

Mayıs 27th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

27 Mayıs 1960 Darbesi:

DP iktidarını devirmek üzere TSK içinde ilk gizli örgütlerin kimler tarafından ve hangi yıl kurulduğu konusunda kesin bir bilgi yoktur. Bu konuda tespit ettiğimiz ilk girişim, Kurmay yarbay Ateşdağlı’nın 1951 yılındaki girişimidir. 1952 yılında Harp Okulu öğrencisi Muzaffer Özdağ ve arkadaşları tarafından kurulan gizli örgüt DP iktidarına karşı kurulmuş bir örgüt değil, sivil iktidarlara karşı kurulmuş uzun vadede iktidarı ele geçirmeyi amaçlayan, Türkçü - popülist eğilimli bir örgüttür. Bu örgüt varlığını 27 Mayıs 1960’a kadar sürdürmüş ve ihtilale katılmıştır. Fakat 27 Mayıs 1960 ihtilalini gerçekleştiren ekibin nüvesi 1954 Kasımında Tuzla Uçaksavar Okulunda, Yüzbaşı Orhan Kabibay ve Yüzbaşı Dündar Seyhan tarafından atılmıştır.[1]

Ankara ve İstanbul’da gösteriler devam ediyordu. Bu gösterilerin en meşhuru, 555-K şifresi ile fısıltı gazetesi yöneticileri tarafından Ankara’da yapıldı. Şifre, “5. ayın 5. günü saat 5’te Kızılay’da anlamına geliyordu. Bu gösteri sırasında Bayar, Menderes ve Koraltan trafik yüzünden yürümek zorunda kalınca kalabalık tarafından taciz edilmişlerdi. Göstericiler arasında sivil giyinmiş genç subaylar da vardı.[2]

CHP’nin ve muhalif basının faaliyetlerini araştırmak için kurulan Meclis Tahkikat Komisyonu çalışmalarını üç ay içerinde tamamlayacağını bildirmesine rağmen çalışmalarına başlayalı bir ay olduktan sonra hükümetin kararı ile kapatıldı.

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DP Dönemi Siyasi Gelişmeleri ve 1954 - 1957 Seçimleri

Mayıs 27th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

C) DP’nin Atatürk İlke ve İnkılaplarından Uzaklaşıldığı İddiası:

Demokrat Parti yukarıda bahsedildiği üzere iktidara gelir gelmez dini açılımlı bazı icraatlarda bulunmuştu. 18 yıldır Türkçe okunmakta olan ezan tekrar Arapça aslıyla okunmaya başlanmış, okullarda din dersi konulmuş, imam hatip okulları ve ilahiyat fakülteleri açılmış, yurt genelinde cami sayısı giderek artmıştı. Bazı tarikatlar Kur’an kursları açmaya başlamış ve daha serbest hareket etme olanağı bulmuş, Ankara Radyosundan her hafta Cuma sabahları Kur’an-ı Kerim okunmuş, daha sonraları Mevlid yayınları yapılmıştır. Tek parti döneminde kapatılmış olan bazı türbeler ziyarete açılmıştır.

Tüm bu gelişmeler özellikle CHP’yi kaygılandırmış ve DP iktidarı döneminde Atatürk Devrimlerinden ödün verildiği propagandası sıklıkla yapılmıştır. Özellikle iktidarın kendisine yakın bulduğu İslamcı basını desteklediği yolunda çeşitli söylentiler git gide yayılmaktaydı. Bu uygulamalar DP’nin bazı sıkı önlemler alması sonucunu doğurmuş ve basın üzerinde sansürü ağırlaştırmış, hatta İslami görüşte yayınlar yapan bazı basın-yayın organlarını kapatma yoluna gitmiştir.

Yeni iktidarın; muhalefete ve memleketin sağduyulu insanlarında yarattığı ilk hayal kırıklığı, daha doğrusu bunun davet ettiği endişe, yeni Başvekil Adnan Menderes’in 20 Mayıs 1950’de okuduğu hükümet programı nutku ile başladı. Bu nutukta Atatürk’ün bir defa olsun adı geçmiyordu. Demek ki, karşılaşılan yalnız bir parti iktidarının değişmesi değildi. Yeni bir parti iktidarının değişmesi değildi. Yeni bir parti iktidarının gelişi şeklinde bir siyasi değişiklik veya çok partili rejime geçiş şeklinde bir rejim değişikliği karşısında değildik. Sanki geçmişin, milli gururu besleyen hatıralarına karşı bir kopuş vardı. Menderes bu ruh halini, 14 Mayıs inkılabının, gelmiş geçmiş bütün inkılapların en önemlisi olduğunu ilan ederek açığa vuruyordu. Bu ruh hali, Menderes’in Demokrat parti iktidarının sonuna kadar, bütün davranışlarına hakim olacaktır.[1]

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Hazin Sonun Başlangıcı

Mayıs 27th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

D) Tutuklamalar:

38 kişiden oluşan bir Milli Birlik Komitesi kurulmuş ve Komitenin başkanlığına da yeni emekliye ayrılmış olan Orgeneral Cemal Gürsel[1] getirilmiştir. Darbe yapıldığına ve başarılı da olduğuna göre her darbe sonrası olduğu gibi sıra ilga edilmiş hükümetin mensuplarını, Cumhurbaşkanını hatta dönemin Genel Kurmay Başkanı Rüştü Erdelhun başta olmak üzere pek çok kişiyi tevkif etmeye gelmiştir.

Tutuklamaların ölçüsü yoktu. Belirlenmiş isimler yoktu. Kime nasıl davranılacağı belli değildi. İhtilalci olan herkes elindeki güce, kalbindeki kine göre ihtilale kendi ölçüsünü katıyordu. Madanoğlu’nun ifadesine göre onların kararı yalnız Hükümet üyeleri ile Meclis Soruşturma Komisyonu teklifine imza atan dört milletvekilini tutuklamak, başka tutuklama yapmamaktı. Fakat “penceresini açan, eline telefon rehberini alan, şu evde falanca var, onu da götürün, şu adam da onlardandır” diye hemen bütün milletvekillerini ve yakınlarını toplatmışlardı.[2]

Menderes ihtilal sabahı Eskişehir’den Kütahya’ya gelmiş, yanındaki Maliye bakanı Hasan Polatkan’la birlikte Kütahya’daki Hava Er Eğitim Tugayı tarafından tutuklanmıştır. Başbakan Menderes de diğer tutuklular gibi Harp Okulu’na getirilmiştir.[3]

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27 Mayıs cuntacılarının ilk ve son röportajları

Mayıs 27th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

27 Mayıs’ı ertelettiren parola neydi? Celal Bayar’ı vurmak için Köşk’e çıkan komutan kimdi? Ethem Menderes nasıl aldatıldı? Aksiyon, 48 yıl sonra 27 Mayıs cuntacılarını kendilerinin dilinden deşifre ediyor.

Adnan Menderes’in Yargılanması      Yassıada  Mahkemeleri


‘Günlerden pazartesi… Saat 15’e çeyrek var. Küçük bir salon. Ortada salonu boydan boya kaplayan mavi renk bir masa… Etrafında sandalyeler. İkide bir kapı açılıyor ve içeriye her rütbeden subaylar giriyor. Ateşli bir oturumun başlayacağı anlaşılıyor. Gelenlerin hepsi subay, fakat bu askerî bir toplantı değil. Bu görünümü bize verdiren şeyin bir hayalin olduğunu sanmayınız, doğrudan doğruya gözlerimizle gördüğümüz manzaradır. Yalnız Türkiye’de değil, dünyanın hiçbir yerinde böyle subaylar toplantısında görülemeyecek usuller, âdetler var bu salonda. Başka bir yerde ekseriyetin binbaşılarla, yüzbaşıların da olduğu bir içtimaa bir general girerse bütün salon bir hamlede ayaklanır değil mi? Hayır, burada öyle şey yok. Sanki herkes aynı rütbede, herkes aynı masada. Bana bundan bahseden bir yüzbaşı, rütbeler şu gördüğünüz kapının dışında kalır, dedi. ‘Koridorlarda rastladığımız zaman askerlik gereklerinin ve terbiyesinin bütün kurallarıyla selamladığımız orgeneral, general ve albaylar burada bize tamamen müsavidirler.

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27 Mayıs: Aramızda dolaşan hayalet

Mayıs 27th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Makaleler, Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

Arada sırada karşımıza çıkan sapmalara, rahatsızlıklara bakıp bütün kurumları ile devleti, toplumun her kesimini, sorumluluk sahiplerini bir hasta gibi yatağa yatırsak… Sonra, psiko-analiz tekniklerini kullanıp bugünkü arızaların kaynağına inmeye kalksak… Geçmişe dönsek… Çocukluk yıllarına ait, bugün karşılaştığımız hastalıkların asıl sebebi olan büyük travmayı arasak… Toplumun ve ülkenin her kesiminde bugün yaşadığımız akıl dışı durumların tek sebebi olarak karşımıza 27 Mayıs 1960 tarihi çıkacaktır.

27mayis.jpg

Aradan geçen 48 senede hesabını göremediğimiz bu meş’um olay, elimizi attığımız her alanı sakatlayan ve bir türlü onaramadığımız tahribatların kaynağıdır. Bu tarih, bir yıkımın adıdır. Eğer bir karşılaştırma yapılacaksa, Moğol ordularının Anadolu’nun her tarafını yakıp yıktıkları, taş üstünde taş bırakmadıkları günlere benzer bir yıkımdır bu. Bir fil sürüsü önce bir züccaciye dükkânına girmiş, oradan çıkıp gülistanı harap etmiş, sonra milletin varı-yoğu olan bağı-tarlayı ot bitmez hale getirmiştir. 27 Mayıs bir yıkımdır. Bu topraklara yüzyıllardır egemen olan ortak akıl, o gün iflas etmiştir. Bir toplumun özgüveni yerle bir edilmiştir. 150 yıldır varını yoğunu ortaya koyarak ayakta kalmayı başarmış asil bir millet, bir günde Orta Afrika’daki ilkel bir kabile toplumu haline getirilmiştir. Birlikte yaşama irademizi temsil eden, yüzyılların birikimi olan devlet terbiyemizin ve geleneğimizin yerini kabile alışkanlıkları almıştır. Hukuku var etmiş ve hukukla var olmuş bir millet, o gün orman kanunlarına teslim olmuştur. Aradan geçen 48 yıl, 27 Mayıs’ın yol açtığı tahribatı onarmamıza yetmedi. Bu gün ilerlememizi engelleyen, ayağımıza takılan her şey 27 Mayıs’tan kalma. Darmadağın olanları sağlıklı bir şekilde yeniden inşa etmemiz daha uzun bir zaman alacağa benziyor; belki yeni bir 48 yıl da yetmeyecek.

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Annesinin kaleminden Atatürk’ün akrabaları

Mayıs 24th, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Yakın Türkiye Tarihi | »

Darüşşafaka Cemiyeti, arşivinde yeni bulduğu bir belgeyi basına dağıttı. Belgeye göre, Atatürk’ün annesi Zübeyde Hanım, 28 Ekim 1921 tarihinde Darüşşafaka’ya 20 bin kuruş bağışlamış ve bu bağış karşılığında ailesinin bazı mensuplarının ruhlarına Kadir Geceleri hatim indirilmesini istemişti. Zübeyde Hanım’ın ruhları için dua edilmesini arzu ettiği kişiler, Atatürk’ün bugüne kadar hiç bilinmeyen akrabaları idi ve liste dikkatle incelendiğinde, Zübeyde Hanım’ın altı çocuk sahibi olduğu görülüyordu.

zubeyde-hanim.jpg


Haberi, ilkönce Balçiçek Pamir yaptı: Darüşşafaka Cemiyeti’nin arşivinde devam eden düzenleme çalışmaları sırasında, Atatürk’ün annesi Zübeyde Hanım’ın 1921’de yaptığı bir bağış sözleşmesi bulunmuş ve Darüşşafaka’ya o günün parasıyla 20 bin kuruş verdiği görülmüştü. Zübeyde Hanım, bu bağışı yaparken, her sene Kadir Gecesi’nde Darüşşafaka öğrencilerinin hatim indirmesini istiyor, hatimin sevabının kimlere gönderileceğini yazıyor ve yine her yıl öğrencilere taze mevsim meyveleri dağıtılmasını şart koşuyordu.

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Memlûklularda Tıp ve Tıp Eğitimi

Mayıs 22nd, 2009 | Derleyici İsmail Akkaya | Popüler Bilim, Uygarlıklar Tarihi | »

1250-1517 yıllan arasında Mısır ve Suriye dolaylarında hüküm süren Memlûkler köle olarak alınan Türk kökenli insanların, zamanla yönetimi ele geçirmesi ile kurulmuş bir Türk devletidir. Bu dönemde, Moğol istilası ve Haçlı seferleri dolayısı ile himayesine sığınan bilim adamlarının çok sayıda olması nedeni ile Kahire ve Dimaşk şehirleri önemli iki kültür merkezi haline geldi. Yine bu dönemde dünyanın en önemli hastanelerinden Kalavun hastanesi ve bir çok medrese kuruldu ve İbn’un-Nefis, İbnü’l Kuf, İbn Ebi Usaybi’a gibi bir çok hekim, veteriner yetişti. Bu hekimler, Galen, Hipokrat ve İbn-i Sina’yı sorguladılar, anatomi, cerrahi, göz hastalıkları gibi pek çok alanda eserler ürettiler. Yazdıkları eserlerden anlaşılıyor ki bu dönemde yaşayan bilim adamları modern tıbbın gelişmesinde önemli katkıda bulunmuşlardır.

Memlûk Devleti

1250-1517 yılları arasında Mısır ve Suriye dolaylarında hüküm sürmüş olan Memlûkler, Fatimîler ve Eyyûbiler’den sonra kurulmuş olan bir Türk devletidir. Memlûk kelimesi savaşlarda esir düşen ya da tüccarlardan satın alınan beyaz köle anlamındadır. Fatimîler ve Eyyûbiler savaşlarda esir olarak veya satın aldıkları köleleri asker olarak devlet hizmetine almışlar ve zamanla bu kişiler ordu komutanlığı ve baş komutanlığa kadar yükselerek idareyi ele geçirmişler ve Memlûkler (Kölemenler) adı verilen bu devleti kurmuşlardır.1
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